A relative has just died. He had a life insurance policy with you listed as the beneficiary. There’s just one problem: the life insurance policy is missing. You have no idea which insurance company wrote it.

If you find the missing life insurance policy in the future, are you still eligible to receive the death benefit?

Hope they paid their insurance bills

If you’re a beneficiary and you find the lost life insurance policy shortly after the insured dies (within six months to a year, for example), claiming the death benefit should be trouble-free.

First, determine if the insured had term or permanent life insurance. If the insured held a term policy, you’ll receive the death benefit if he died before the end of the policy term. If he died after the policy expiration date, you would get nothing.

If the insured had a permanent life policy, you’ll receive the money if the death occurred while the policy was “in force,” meaning all premium payments were made up until the time of death. If the death was a while ago, you’ll receive the benefit with interest from the date of death.

If the life insurance policy lapsed — meaning the insured stopped making premium payments before he died — there’s a chance you might get nothing. When a permanent life insurance policy lapses, most insurance companies switch its status from permanent insurance to one of two options:

“Extended term” — The insurance company uses the cash value of the policy to buy a term life insurance policy for the same death benefit using the cash value of the policy. The death benefit will continue for the longest period the cash value will purchase.

“Reduced paid up” — The insurance company will keep the policy in force permanently, but will reduce the death benefit.

Gerry Brogla, an actuary for State Farm, says in the majority of the cases at his company, the permanent policy continues as extended term if it lapses. At State Farm, extended term is the default option for most permanent policies.

If the policy lapses, and the extended-term period expires before the insured dies, the policy is worthless and the life insurance beneficiary will get nothing. If the insured dies before the extended-term period is up, the beneficiary will receive the death benefit. If the policy lapsed because the insured died (thus ending premium payments and causing the insurance to be placed in extended-term status), the beneficiary will still collect the full death benefit, regardless of when the extended term was up. The beneficiary always needs to supply the insurance company with a death certificate to verify the date of death.

There is no time limit during which a life insurance beneficiary must step forward to collect the money, according to Jack Dolan, spokesman for the American Council of Life Insurers. “If a person shows up 30 years after [the insured's] death, the company still makes good on it,” Dolan assures.

What happens if no one ever reports the death?

If the insured dies and the insurance company does not learn of the death, the policy lapses. Insurance companies will take steps to find out why a policyholder stopped making payments.

When an insurance company stops getting payments, it sends letters to the insured informing him the policy may lapse as a result of unpaid premiums. If the letters go unanswered, the company might initiate a search to find the insured. If that comes up empty, the company will then lapse the policy.

If a beneficiary to a policy never steps forward, it unfortunately means the insured paid money to a policy throughout his life and his beneficiaries never see a penny. This is why its a good idea to make sure beneficiaries are aware of any life insurance policies you have.

If you’re lucky, the state may have your money

In some cases when a beneficiary fails to claim a death benefit for several years, the money is transferred to the state where the insurance policy was purchased under the escheat laws.

If a company knows an insured died and it cannot find the beneficiary, it must turn the full death benefit over to the state comptroller’s department within three to five years of the insured’s death. The money is transferred to the state where the insured bought the policy. The money is considered “unclaimed property” and gets lumped in with dormant bank accounts and uncollected rent deposits. The comptroller’s department maintains a database that lists the names and addresses of lost life insurance beneficiaries.

Many states will try to contact life insurance beneficiaries in an effort to pay the death benefits. In Texas, for example, the names and addresses of the beneficiaries are published annually in each county in the state. In New York, the Web site of the New York State Comptroller’s Office of Unclaimed Funds has an online search to find any unclaimed death benefits owed to you. You can find out the procedures in your state by contacting the office of your state comptroller or treasurer.

Keep in mind your chances of finding the policy with the state are slim. The insurance company has no obligation to hand the money over to the state if it’s unaware the insured died. In most cases, it’s the beneficiary who contacts the insurance company.

Also, the insurer only transfers the money to the state three to five years after it cannot find the beneficiary but knows the insured died. If the state doesn’t have the death benefit, it’s likely the insurer is still looking for the beneficiary or doesn’t know the policyholder has died.

Unclaimed death benefits are rarely transferred to the state. Dave Potter, a spokesman for Hartford Life, says less than 1 percent of his company’s death benefits go unclaimed.

Del Chance, a life insurance claims manager at State Farm, says, “Turning over life policy benefits to an individual state after the death of an insured is extremely rare. State Farm utilizes their own search techniques as well as outside vendors to locate lost beneficiaries in the event of the death of one of our insureds. By and large these procedures have always located the beneficiary.

Tips for making sure your life insurance beneficiaries get your death benefit:

1. Give your beneficiaries your policy information. It can be a difficult and awkward conversation, but an important one.

2. Keep all your financial records (especially your life insurance policies) in one place. Don’t force your beneficiaries to search your house from top to bottom after you die.

Tips for looking for lost life insurance policies:

1. Go through canceled checks or contact your relative’s bank for copies of old checks. Look for checks made out to insurance companies.

2. Ask those who may have known about your relative’s finances. Speak with the relative’s lawyer, banker or accountant. Also contact the relative’s insurance agent.

3. Contact your relative’s past employers. They might know of possible group life insurance. The insured might have also purchased supplemental life insurance through work.

4. Check the mail for a year. Premium bills and policy-status notices are usually sent annually.

5. Look at income tax returns for the past two years. Check for interest income from policies or expenses paid to life insurance companies.

6. Contact the Medical Information Bureau. If your relative bought life insurance fairly recently, there might be a trail of the companies to which he applied. The Medical Information Bureau (MIB) maintains a database that might show if insurers requested your relative’s medical information within the past seven years. Record searches can be requested through the MIB’s Policy Locator Service and cost $75. The MIB says that nearly 30 percent of searches turn up leads.

Ashley Seager’s expensive NatWest policy failed to pay out, so he complained to the ombudsman – only for the label of quality to be dismissed as ‘meaningless’

NatWest’s travel insurance was one of the main reasons that I, like so many other of the bank’s customers, have an Advantage Private account. For an annual fee of £240 it says it is “packed with exclusive features”, chief among them its five-star Defaqto-rated annual worldwide travel insurance, which the bank claims is worth £160 alone.

Last year, I put it to the test. I took my family to Canada on holiday – only to be stranded by the collapse of Zoom Airlines. But instead of the insurance kicking in and returning us home, NatWest refused to pay out. To my surprise – and cost – it said the insurance did not cover the failure of a scheduled airline.

Furious, I took my case to the Financial Ombudsman. Surely, I argued, “five-star” had to mean that it was a fully comprehensive policy that would cover me in most eventualities – such as, in my case, a scheduled airline going bust. After all, NatWest proudly displays its five-star rating prominently over its literature for the Advantage Private account.

A year later, I have finally had my complaint judged by the ombudsman. He has found in favour of NatWest, and I won’t be getting any compensation. But the reason why I’ve been rejected makes for interesting reading. The ombudsman, it appears, thinks that the five-star ratings that financial companies use to promote their products are entirely meaningless.

“I do not consider that there is any common agreement as to what the phrase means. In my judgment the term “five-star” has no specific meaning and amounts to nothing more than “puff”,” wrote ombudsman Reidy Flynn in her judgment.

I contacted the ombudsman’s office to discuss the lack of logic, but it declined to comment. Its basic judgment is that the Natwest Advantage Private bundled account with its five-star travel insurance was not obliged, in any way, to cover for the failure of an airline, or any other transportation company. I should have read the small print, no matter how small.

My complaint had made the following points: that it was unreasonable that a five-star policy did not cover airline failure – any normal person would expect to have such a thing covered if they were travelling abroad; that it was unreasonable that such an exclusion would not be on the list of “significant exclusions” at the front of the policy; and that it was unreasonable that it should be buried in the small print.

I had tried to find out, prior to travelling, whether this point was covered but could not get through to NatWest on the phone, or find the relevant documents on its website. I could not find the documents at home, either, although NatWest insists they were sent. So I relied on the “five-star” rating, thinking it sounded good.

I have since learned that across the insurance industry not many policies cover airline failure. But the Post Office does, and that’s not an obscure little company. It would have cost £1-1.50 per person for NatWest to cover their policy holders for a year against airline failure. Was it reasonable to expect them to have done so for its premium account customers? You might think so, but NatWest did not, nor did the ombudsman.

Defaqto was bemused by the ombudsman’s comments. “I am surprised it has couched it in those terms,” said its head of research, Brian Brown. “Our ratings are independent but do not purport to offer any kind of legal guarantee of what a product may contain. People should check the details.”

He denied that banks and insurers pay a fee to Defaqto to use their ratings, implying the company was biased towards issuing “five-star” ratings. He added that the company only issued five-star ratings on 10-12% of products and no comnpany pays to appear in its analysis. The bulk of its revenue comes from a business-to-business database it compiles and sells to banks and insurers.

Perhaps, though, if the ombudsman service thinks five-star ratings are meaningless and “puff”, it, or another authority, should move to ban them? That’s the only conclusion a reasonable person could reach.